Carbonate platform

The Maldives archipelago thus is an example of a rather atypical hydrocarbon system which consists of an isolated oceanic carbonate platform overlying a volcanic basement. The results of this study show that circular structures other than karst-related features can be abundant in carbonate platform deposits.

Apr 1, 2014 · The morphology of Carbonate platforms may be influenced by tectonic activity and eustatic variations. 3D seismic data and satellite imagery are used in order to investigate the morphological similarities between present-day carbonates platforms, East of Borneo Island and Miocene carbonate platforms of the South China Sea. The late Early-Middle Aptian carbonate platform succession lies in the eastern part of the Iberian Chain (Spain). These sedimentary units crop out along the Camarillas syncline, between the towns of Miravete de la Sierra, Camarillas, Jorcas and Villarroya de los Pinares (Teruel province) (Fig. 1).Download : Download high-res image (806KB) Download : Download full-size imageThe Anguilla Bank is the largest carbonate platform (area of about 4,660 km 2, Table 1). The data reveals that the carbonate platform is not protected by shelf-edge barriers along most of its rim. Indeed, bathymetric highs are only visible east of Saint-Barthélémy and scarcely visible on the northeastern edge of the bank . However, the lack ...Carbonate platforms collapsed during both the PTo-E and the TOAE. Enhanced continental weathering and nutrient runoff was the dominant driver of carbonate platform decline in the PTo-E, while the biggest culprits during the TOAE were heightened storm activity and a decrease in the pH of seawater.Energy has fueled industrialization and helped lift billions of people out of poverty. However, electricity and heat generation now contribute to significant global CO 2 emissions. We're working to decarbonize power without deindustrializing society. Our platforms can shift the energy mix away from fossil fuels and unlock the potential of clean ...Carbonate platform evolution and the role of geotectonics The Cambrian through Lower Ordovician North China Carbonate Platform shows a clear pattem of evolutionary development, where six stages can be differentiated (Fig. 6). The Lower Cambrian flood- ing of the platform from the east leading to the deposition of clastics, …The Coniacian carbonate, on the Saharan platform, overlays the Gattar Member (Lower Turonian) (Fig. 1). They are bordered in the North by the Chotts trough and in the East by the Jeffara plain. In the South, these series cover the reminder of the Tunisian territory to the Tuniso-Algerian and Tuniso-Libyan border (Fig. 1). To the West, they are ...

The major and trace elements in carbonates from the Kioto Carbonate Platform in Tibet provide unique insights on palaeoceanographic changes in shallow tropical waters during the late Pliensbachian-early Toarcian interval and help elucidate potential triggers for the crisis in the carbonate factory. The synchronous rise in most water-insoluble ...The Subis Platform is considered one of the very few outcrops in Malaysia which records remarkable changes in the growth history of a carbonate system. The Subis Platform is located near Batu Niah ...Carbonate platform architecture and carbon isotope stratigraphy from the neoproterozoic Narji limestone formation, Kurnool Group, India: Decoding clues of relative sea level fluctuations - ScienceDirect Marine and Petroleum Geology Volume 149, March 2023, 106086The Štramberk Carbonate Platform is a collective term for small, narrow platforms that were attached to intra-basinal ridges in the Carpathian Basin of the Tethys Ocean.This study presented recently reprocessed multi-channel seismic data and multi-beam bathymetric map to reveal the geomorphology and stratigraphic architecture of the Yongle isolated carbonate platform in the Xisha Archipelago, northwestern South China Sea. Our results show that the upper slope angles of Yongle carbonate platform exceed 10° and even reach to ∼32.5° whereas the lower slope ...Across the carbonate platforms, the Miocene strata are characterized by high-amplitude seismic reflections and distinct platform architecture that overlaps older strata. The Guangle and Xisha carbonate platforms grew on faulted blocks due to South China Sea continental rifting, while the Zhongjian carbonate platform developed on a structural ...We present multi-element data on the super-high-organic-sulfur (SHOS; 5.19 % on average) coals of Late Permian age from Guiding, in Guizhou Province, China. The coals, formed on restricted carbonate platforms, are all highly enriched in S, U, Se, Mo, Re, V, and Cr, and, to a lesser extent, Ni and Cd. Although the Guiding coals were subjected to seawater influence, boron is very low and mainly ...Nov 1, 2021 · Backstepping of carbonate platform margins is an important process for understanding how carbonate platform responds to paleoenvironment changes. The products of backstepping, such as backstepped margin, backstepping surface and backstepping succession have been widely documented on both modern and ancient platforms around the world.

ABSTRACT The depositional organization and architecture of the middle-late Devonian Yangdi rimmed carbonate platform margin in the Guilin area of South China were related to oblique, extensional faulting in a strike-slip setting. The platform margin shows two main stages of construction in the late Givetian to Frasnian, with a bioconstructed margin evolving into a sand-shoal system.Carbonate platforms are built mainly by corals living in shallow light-saturated tropical waters. The Saya de Malha Bank (Indian Ocean), one of the world's largest carbonate platforms, lies in ...The Upper Cretaceous carbonate platform successions preserved in the peri-Adriatic region are mainly made up of well-bedded peritidal to shallow-subtidal limestones, commonly organized in meter-scale cycles (Borgomano, 1987, Borgomano, 2000, Vlahović et al., 2005, Spalluto, 2012, Le Goff et al., 2015b).This monotonous sedimentation pattern is interrupted several times during the Late ...The Great Bank of Guizhou (GBG), an isolated carbonate platform of Permian-Triassic age in the Nanpanjiang Basin of south China (Fig. 1, Fig. 2), is an ideal test case for assessing and quantifying causes of variation in platform morphology across time (Kelley et al., 2020; Li et al., 2012; Minzoni et al., 2013).The stratigraphic architecture of the GBG, from its inception to its demise, is ...

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In this study, we present new sedimentological, paleontological, and geochemical evidence from a shallow-water carbonate platform exposed in Tethyan zone of the Tibetan Himalaya (Fig. 1).In this region, accumulation of thick, shallow-water marine carbonates throughout the latest Paleocene and earliest Eocene and abundance of large …The Apulia Carbonate Platform, a main palaeogeographic domain of the Mediterranean Tethys, is characterized by huge megabreccia bodies which were deposited along its flank at various intervals ...Reef carbonates contain a good amount of hydrocarbons. Carbonates can form in many different types of depositional settings including basin and slope, reefs, and carbonate platforms. Carbonate platforms occur when there is a low input of detritus and clastic supply with shallow marine water.China's Paleozoic deep carbonate effective reservoirs, mainly non-porous reservoirs, are generally formed under the interaction of late diagenesis, hydrothermal fluids, and structural fractures. Faults and their deformation mechanism and internal structure of fault zones play an important role in the formation of carbonate reservoirs and hydrocarbon accumulation. Based on the detailed ...Carbonate platforms grow through the precipitation, transport, and final deposition of carbonate sediment out of seawater. Quantifying the relative contributions of initial production versus subsequent transport in determining the growth rates and geometries of platforms remains a significant challenge. In this study, stratigraphic forward ...

Drowning unconformities are carbonate platform drowning surfaces that usually produce distinct reflection horizons and have better stratigraphic value in the subsurface than platform-embedded subaerial unconformities. This discussion is supported by examples of subaerial disconformities from the Devonian, Carboniferous, and …Calcium carbonate formation is the primary pathway by which carbon is returned from the ocean–atmosphere system to the solid Earth1,2. ... (platform, ramp and reef) carbonate burial sink and an ...Carbonate platforms usually keep pace with subsidence and sea level rise but "platform drowning" occurs when carbonate sedimentation slows or when siliciclastics replace carbonates. Identifying specific mechanism(s) behind platform drowning is critical for understanding global environmental changes such as Ocean Anoxic Events (OAEs). ...Isolated carbonate platforms of the OIB are classified as of the volcanic pedestal platform type (sensu Bosence, 2005) which developed on the top of pre-existing volcanic seamounts and ridges, surrounded by deep water settings, and therefore isolated from any terrigenous sediment supply. In essence, the spatial distribution and morphologies of ...Carbonate platforms contains contributions from an international authorship and the volume has been edited by one of the most respected names in the earth sciences. Areas covered include; early rifting deposition; examples from carbonate sequences of Sardinia (Cambrian) and Tuscany (Triassic-Jurassic), Italy; geometry and evolution of platform ...The GC–MS analysis shows that P1m1 carbonate rock exhibits abnormal molecular fossil assemblages, such as N-alkanes with even carbon dominance, Isoalkanes with even carbon dominance iC22+, iPC21+ long chain Isoprenoid alkanes, abnormally high abundance Hopane, relatively high abundance C29 regular sterane, and high abundance …Carbonate platforms changed substantially in spatial extent, geometry, composition and palaeogeographical distribution through the Phanerozoic. Although reef construction and carbonate platform development are intimately linked today, this was not the case for most of the Phanerozoic. Carbonate production by non-enzymatic precipitation and non ...Carbonate platform stratigraphy is driven by the interaction between physical changes during basin formation and ecological evolution of biota. Ecological accommodation depends on a range of ...The eastern Tarim Basin (Tadong Area) has gained wide attentions on large-scale marine carbonate reservoirs in Cambrian-Ordovician due to significant hydrocarbon discoveries. A systematic analysis combining thin sections, cores, wireline logs, and seismic data is conducted on Cambrian-Ordovician carbonate platform in the whole eastern Tarim Basin, including Gucheng area, Majiaer area, and ...Many biotic carbonate platforms of the northern hemisphere western Tethys drowned or shifted to non-skeletal platforms during the early Toarcian. However, southern hemisphere records of Toarcian carbonate platforms are rare, and thus the extent and significance of biotic platform demise during the T-OAE is unclear.The Segitiga Platform (1400 km 2) contains Terumbu Formation carbonate strata as much as 1800 m thick that were deposited in platform interior, reef and shoal margin, and slope to basin environments.We wanted to encapsulate different carbonate platform characteristics and reservoir flow unit behaviours for various geomodelling and reservoir simulation studies. We used fully anonymised data from 43 wells from several fields belonging to different depositional settings and heights above the FWL within an area of 36 000 km 2. The data ...

Carbonate platforms are classified as either carbonate ramps or rimmed shelves. A carbonate ramp has a gently sloping surface extending seaward from the coastline, with no sharp break between shallow and deep water. Rimmed shelves have a fairly sharp break where the water depth increases.

Carbonate platforms. A number of different morphologies of carbonate platform are recognised, the most widely documented being carbonate ramps, which are gently sloping platforms, and rimmed shelves, which are flat-topped platforms bordered by a rim formed by a reef or carbonate sand shoal. The tectonic setting influences the characteristics of ...The rate of carbon in the atmosphere has increased dramatically since the beginning of the industrial revolution. The problem with this is that the effects of this increase pose risks to life on the planet.The growth potential of carbonate platforms, i.e., the maximum rate at which they can aggrade vertically, is difficult to assess.Ostracod faunicycles in the Mid-Cretaceous carbonate platform from the Central Tunisian Atlas (North African margin): Biostratigraphic and paleoecologic implications. In: Sames, B. (Ed.), 10th International Symposium on the Cretaceous – Abstracts, 21–26 August 2017, vol. 120. Berichte der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, Vienna, p. 260. 21.We have analyzed two recently acquired multi-channel seismic profiles across the Reed Bank area, South China Sea. A detailed seismic interpretation coupled with drilling data has proved the occurrence of a wide carbonate platform, developed between the Late Oligocene and the Early Miocene (32-20 Ma). The top of these carbonates is an important regional unconformity, corresponding to a strong ...The newly collected seismic data and the existing drilling data provide a good opportunity to better understand the carbonate platform distribution characteristics and the hydrocarbon resource potential in the Xisha sea area of the South China Sea. Based on the seismic data and the reflection characteristics of the carbonate platform’s edge, three boundary indicators were established: abrupt ...Varying carbonate primary productivity may also strongly influence the sediment accumulation rate, and theoretical models have been proposed showing how a relative sea-level rise may induce either a constant or increasing sediment accumulation rate on a shallow-water carbonate platform but an exponential decay of the sediment accumulation rate ...Carbonate Platform Geometry : Factory matters little. Carbonate Production Rate (mky-1) Water depth (m) 0 20 50 100. Sealevel. Sealevel • No transport = flat top platform • Platform top at 20m water depth • High transport = ramp • No accumulation in less than 20m water depth ProductionDrowned carbonate platforms on passive margins present a paradox, because their great growth potential exceeds the typical rates of passive margin subsidence and any relative sea-level rise driven ...Chert is an amorphous hydrous silica that is characteristic of deep marine depositional environments. If Radiolaria are visible as white dots in the chert, it is known as Radiolarian chert. Small layers of carbonates are sometimes found in deep marine chert as a result of turbidites from carbonate platforms.

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It can be related to a mid-ramp carbonate platform environment, with depth mainly below and sometimes above the fair-weather wave base (Burchette and Wright, 1992). This interval may represent the carbonate platform recovery and progradation during the sea level high stand, after the rise (Schlager, 2005; Łabaj and Pratt, 2016).The co-evolution of continental arc lengths and carbonate platforms must therefore be considered when considering arc carbon fluxes. Increased volcanic carbon outgassing fluxes are expected when continental arc lengths are longer than at the present-day, as the potential of crustal carbonate intersection is greater ( Lee et al., 2013 , 2015 ...Chattian carbonate platform is composed of a high variety of carbonate producing (Stages I, II, and III), representing a fore-Stepping stacking pattern. Aquitanian Carbonate Platform is a soft-grained carbonate ramp with a low-angle gradient comprising two different Stages: IV and V. The Burdigalian platform (Stage VI) is composed of meters to ...Changing components, rock textures, lithofacies, platform types and architecture throughout time are unique characteristics of carbonate rocks. Characterizing these attributes has been approached by 1) building reference models for specific Phanerozoic intervals, 2) recognizing the climatic impact in modulating carbonate production, and 3 ...The Segitiga Platform (1400 km 2) contains Terumbu Formation carbonate strata as much as 1800 m thick that were deposited in platform interior, reef and shoal margin, and slope to basin environments.Introduction. Drowned carbonate platforms have been described in different geological environments, being found for example in Upper Carboniferous-Lower Pseudoschwagerina Limestone of Carnic Alps (Austria) (Samankassou, 1999), in Lower Jurassic of the Apennines and Sicily (Italy) (Marino and Santantonio, 2010; Sulli and Interbartolo, 2016), in Lower Jurassic of the Jbel Bou Dahar (Central and ...On a regional scale, a complex carbonate-platform growth can occur, with a coexistence of bank-margin progradation and aggradation, as well as partial drowning. It is further shown that a downward ...The carbonate platform occupies the northern and north-western parts of the study area, where the basin floor is relatively deeper in the eastern and south-eastern parts and shallower in the western part. Obviously, a large number of gullies extend in the northwest-southeast direction, formed around the carbonate platform margin and slope area. ...Dolomite, CaMg(CO 3) 2, is an abundant carbonate mineral in ancient rock formations, but it is extremely scarce in modern sedimentary environments.This intriguing observation has been repeatedly referred to as the “dolomite problem” in the geological literature. Many geoscientists over time have almost obsessively searched for a solution …In this study, we present new sedimentological, paleontological, and geochemical evidence from a shallow-water carbonate platform exposed in Tethyan zone of the Tibetan Himalaya (Fig. 1).In this region, accumulation of thick, shallow-water marine carbonates throughout the latest Paleocene and earliest Eocene and abundance of large … ….

Three carbonate production factories defined by W Schlager - Tropical factory (warm. photic zone), Cool Water and Mud Mound factories. ... Abiotic and biotically mediated precipitation is a significant component of the Tropical Factory - ooid shoals form platform-wide subaqueous bars and dunes, and whitings form extensive blankets of lime mud ...The Cretaceous of Brazil is widely known for vast carbonate platforms that developed along the Brazilian east coast. An onshore well drilled and logged in Sergipe State on a structural low allowed the recovery and study of a continuous 439-m core section that records an interval aged from the late Albian to the early Turonian. The section is …Overall, Florida's geological history has been driven by changing sea levels, which have influenced the production of carbonate bedrock, siliciclastic input/transport, hydrology, and surface topography. During the last interglacial period, the majority of south Florida was a shallow carbonate environment with some siliciclastic input.The shallow submerged platform area of the Bahamas extends more than 400 km (248 mi) north–south and covers an area of about 125,000 km 2 (48,263 mi 2). ... Carbonate environments have changed substantially over geological time by comparison to siliciclastic environments; for example, the type of organism responsible for building reefs …Carbonate platforms of corals and foraminifera began to grow on top of the volcanic basalt. Sea levels rose and fell—a concept Darwin was not aware of, as the theory was proposed about 20 years ...The intertidal area of carbonate platform hosts a complex array of ecological networks in which microbials, algae, cyanobacteria and benthic foraminifera coexist. Being influenced by the amplitude ...Carbonate platform architecture through Oligo-Miocene is the most important goal of this study; which was achieved by a combination of biostratigraphy, cyclostratigraphy, and facies analysis. Biostratigraphy of carbonate successions is based on spatial and temporal distribution of key large benthic foraminifera; which assigned carbonate ...A carbonate platform is a large edifice formed by the accumulation of sediment in an area of subsidence. Such structures can be several kilometers thick, extend over many hundreds of square kilometers, and be constructed by stacked carbonate ramps and/or flat-topped platforms. A carbonate ...In turn, two chronostratigraphically distinct wedges that onlap and thin away from the thick of Platform Stage 2 are interpreted to be carbonate (platform stages 3 and 4), and are onlapped by ... Carbonate platform, A carbonate platform is a sedimentary body which possesses topographic relief, and is composed of autochthonic calcareous deposits. Platform growth is mediated by sessile organisms whose skeletons build up the reef or by organisms which induce carbonate precipitation through their metabolism., The Apulia Carbonate Platform in Apulia, Italy, was a major palaeogeographic element of the southern margin of the Mesozoic Tethys Ocean. It is one of the so-called peri- Adriatic platforms, which are comparable to the Bahama Banks in their carbonate facies, shape, size, and subsidence rate and, also, in the internal architecture., Previous studies of the Xisha carbonate platforms have been limited to analysis of shallow boreholes and examination of modern carbonate deposits on the islands (He et al., 1986, Zhao et al., 2011).However, in the course of rapidly advancing deep-water hydrocarbon exploration, both commercial and academic seismic surveys have been …, Geologists can now characterize entire carbonate platform systems and their large-scale evolution in time and space, including systems with few outcrop analogues such as the …, The range of experimental conditions was chosen to bracket typical fair weather and storm conditions for grainy, current-agitated settings on carbonate platforms (Rankey & Reeder, 2010). In all experiments, the cloud of suspended sand-sized sediment was far below the propeller in the abrasion mill such that there were no grain-propeller impacts., The spectrum of carbonate-platform types, their heterogeneities, and their architecture is complex. Each platform succession has a distinctive and unique character that is a response to the ..., Ocean anoxia has been widely implicated in the Permian-Triassic extinction. However, the duration and distribution of the ocean anoxia remains controversial. In this study, the detailed redox changes across the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) in the shallow platform interior at Great Bank of Guizhou (GBG) has been reconstructed based on the high-resolution microfossil composition and multiple ..., Carbonate lithofacies are deposited in a ramp platform in fore shoal, shoal, lagoon and tidal flat environments. Sea level changes during lower Cretaceous led to the formation of different large-scale depositional sequences …, Here a cyclic stratigraphic succession of shallow platform carbonates of early late Aptian age, which belongs to the so-called Prebetic of Jaén (westernmost part of the Prebetic platform; Nieto et al. 2012; Ruiz-Ortiz et al. 2014), is documented.This succession belongs to the regressive part of the second-order transgressive-regressive cycle (Martín-Chivelet et al. 2002; Vilas et al. 2004)., One of the main controls on carbonate platform geometry and facies distribution is the tectonic setting, which influences the subsidence rate, accommodation space, uplift, and basin configuration., Even if nutrients may have adversely affected oligotrophic skeletal carbonate production on carbonate platforms, microbial or nonskeletal carbonates may have become more abundant (Smith et al ..., mixotrophs) that need good light conditions and live in Classification of carbonate platforms is not just a shallow-water environments (the euphotic zone). This ..., Advances in Sequence Stratigraphy. Andrei Dronov, in Stratigraphy & Timescales, 2017. 3.2 The Cool-Water Carbonates. Until the very recently the Ordovician limestones of the Tungus basin on the Siberian Platform have traditionally been considered to be tropical shelf limestones (shallow-water warm sea) and interpreted using facies models derived from recent tropical carbonate environments ..., The carbonate platform, where bunch of petroleum reserves are accumulated and discovered, is commonly a place with natural temporal-spatial boundaries (Red, 1985; Pomar, 2001). The boundaries of ..., The carbonate ratio depends on the productivity of planktonic organisms (controlled by water temperature and nutrients), and/or on export of carbonate mud from shallow platforms (influenced by sea level, tides, and currents; e.g., Milliman et al., 1993, Pittet et al., 2000). Orbital cycles have a direct control on the climate (via the heat ..., Platform carbonates are a major component of the Earth system, but their spatial distribution through geological times is difficult to reconstruct, due to the incompleteness of geological records, sampling heterogeneity, and their intrinsic complexity., Five main tectonic phases previously proposed were recognized: (1) Late Triassic–Jurassic rifting between South and North America that led to the formation of the proto-Caribbean plate; this event is interpreted as half grabens controlled by fault family 1 as the east-northeast–south-southwest–striking faults; (2) Middle–Late Jurassic ..., Controls on Carbonate Platform and Basin Development - This volume is derived from the SEPM Research Symposium of the same name that was formulated for the Los Angeles meetings of AAPG and SEPM in 1987. The volume covers many subjects relative to geology of carbonate platforms and adjoining slopes and basins. A preliminary section, based on ..., The Red Lake-Wallace Lake carbonate platform in Superior Province of north-western Ontario has only been the subject of an overview by Hofmann et al. . It is the oldest known thick carbonate platform and is exposed in wave washed outcrops on the shores of Red and Wallace Lakes (Fig. 1)., Modern seismic data have become an essential toolkit for studying carbonate platforms and reservoirs in impressive detail. Whilst driven primarily by oil and gas exploration and development, data sharing and collaboration are delivering fundamental geological knowledge on carbonate systems, revealing platform geomorphologies and how their evolution on millennial time scales, as well as ..., This tension is explored for models of fault-associated dolomitisation by sea water convection in a syn-rift carbonate platform, evaluating the contribution of incorporating stratigraphic growth and fault propagation. Simulations of the high heat flux southern margin of the Derbyshire Platform (Northern England), with heterogeneous matrix ..., The carbonate platform pre-dated the deposition of evaporites, such as microbial reefs, played a favorable impact for evaporite precipitation. It controls the connection between saline and open sea in terms of the global sea-level fluctuations. The Tarim Basin is one of the important intracratonic basins which have the tremendous oil and gas ..., Variations in ichnological features along a proximal‒distal transect within carbonate platforms such as the studied Tirgan ramp, were triggered by changes in different physical, chemical and biological parameters. Variable sedimentary processes, e.g., wave- and tide-dominated hydrodynamic regime and influx of the fresh water from the …, The carbonate platform and the drift deposits were balanced for circa 2 Myr, until a global sea-level fall at 10.6 Ma and later reflooding of the platform, which destroyed the equilibrium between ..., The term carbonate platform is both a stratigraphic term for thick deposits of shallow-water carbonate rocks, and is also used to describe the following different carbonate shelf morphologies (Fig. 4). The terms carbonate platform and carbonate shelf are often used synonymously for both modern sediments and ancient rocks formed in this environment:, Improved seismic data quality in the last 10–15 years, innovative use of seismic attribute combinations, extraction of geomorphological data and new quantitative techniques have significantly enhanced understanding of ancient carbonate platforms and processes. 3D data have become a fundamental toolkit for mapping carbonate depositional and diagenetic facies, and associated flow units and ..., Globally, Lower Cretaceous carbonate platforms form important hydrocarbon reservoirs. An exceptional seismic dataset allowed us to examine controls on the stratigraphy, seismic geomorphology ..., The insights suggest that although each platform is unique in many ways, Phanerozoic isolated carbonate platforms include numerous themes that are persistent across ages, sizes, settings, and ..., The Apennine Carbonate Platform of southern Italy witnesses nearly 150 Myr (Late Triassic to Late Cretaceous) of shallow-water carbonate sedimentation in the ..., The Great Bank of Guizhou (GBG), an isolated carbonate platform of Permian-Triassic age in the Nanpanjiang Basin of south China (Figs. 1 and 2), is an ideal test case for assessing and quantifying ..., The architecture of marine carbonate platforms result from the stratigraphic response of carbonate factories to local and global changes through geological times. We investigate the response of ..., Standard carbonate facies models are widely used to interpret paleoenvironments, but they do not address how carbonate platforms are affected by relative changes in sea level. An understanding of how the subtidal carbonate "factory" responds to relative sea-level changes and the role played by other environmental factors towards influencing the ..., Geologists can now characterize entire carbonate platform systems and their large-scale evolution in time and space, including systems with few outcrop analogues such as the Lower Cre-taceous Central Atlantic 'pre-salt' carbonates. The papers introduced in this review illustrate opportunities,